EU Law on Air travel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2240 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Level High school Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? 1. On 15 April 2010, because aircraft risks most of the European airspace was closed down due to the eruption of the Icelandic volcano, Eyjafjallajkull. Denise McDonagh, had reserved a flight from Faro to Dublin[1] for 17 April 2010, was cancelled by an unexpected event as discussed above and did not resume until 22 April 2010 thus she reached Dublin on the 24 of April 2010. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "EU Law on Air travel" essay for you Create order On 17 to 24 April 2010, she was stranded in Faro and spent  £1129. 41 on food and lodging. Since, Ryanair failed to provide her care under Article 5 and 9 of Regulation No 261/2004[2] during this period. She claimed the expenditures to Ryanair, which argued that the event of this spring 2010 go beyond the meaning of extraordinary circumstances as states in Regulation.[3] The claimant brought a case in Dublin Metropolitan District Court, due to uncertainties, as to whether the obligation in providing care are limited under circumstances like at issues. The national court[4] request a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU[5] to the Court of Justice. The issues referred were, firstly, whether the closure of the airspace due to volcanic eruption still falls under the notion of extraordinary circumstances of the regulation[6] or went beyond? If yes, is liability for providing care in such event under Article 5 and 9 of Regulation No 261/2004[7] excluded? Secondly, is unexpecte d event like the Icelandic volcano eruption comprised a temporal and monetary limit implied into the care obligations? Finally, in case of negative answers in both above issues, did the regime violates the doctrine of proportionality and non-discrimination and the principle of an equitable balance of interests in the Montreal Convention[8] and the Article 16 and 17 of the charter?[9] 2. Firstly, the court just like the Advocate General turned that the expression extraordinary circumstances[10] is not defined under EU law and that consideration is for its everyday language.[11] Next the court like Advocate General recognized no separate category of particularly extraordinary event beyond the term of extraordinary circumstances[12] which would exempt Ryanair from the obligations under regulation.In Sturgeon and Others,[13] the court states that the regulation need to maintain a high level of protection whatever unexpected events causing difficulties to air transport. Similarl y, the Advocate General established that obligations, to provide care under Regulation[14] is necessary to air passengers whatever cancelled the flight. Hence, court like Advocate General finds that the spring 2010 event falls within an extraordinary circumstances thus not releasing Ryanair from its obligation under Regulation.[15] Next, the court like the Advocate General established that under regulation[16] no limitation exists, either temporal or monetary[17] for providing care to passengers whose flight are cancelled due to extraordinary circumstances.[18] Therefore, the requirements for providing care to passengers who is awaiting for their flight re-routing is imposed. The court, like Advocate General, establishes that care to passengers is essential in unexpected event which persist for a long period through flight cancellation, to ensure that the customers have the essential necessities during this time. The court states that, despite the requirements to provide care cause financial inconveniences to air carriers, it will not be disproportionate to the objective of ensuring a high level of protection for the passengers. The aim is essential as it justify the extensive negative financial issues for some operators. As experiences operators the air carriers should include costs that implied care the ticket price. The Advocate General takes the same approach, for disproportionate, established the EU 261 levy[19] by Ryanair in the ticket price cover customers care. Both the court and Advocate General stated that Article 5 and 9[20] does not infringe to the principle of proportionality, equitable balance of interests in the Montreal Convention and the Article 16 and 17 of the charter.[21] 3. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union[22] bracketed all under a single document for the protection of EU fundamental rights.[23] Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon,[24] the Charter[25] legal status was undefined and have no binding effect. Si nce, the Lisbon Treaty[26], which came into force on 1st of December 2009 it was given a legal value under Article 6.[27] Moreover, Article 6[28] also established that the Charters[29] provisions must not extend in any way the unions competences as stated in the Treaties.However,a protocol to the Treaty was added because United Kingdom and Poland have opted out. I agree with the compatibility with both Article 5 (1) (b) and 9 of Regulation[30] with Article 16 and17 of the charter.[31] The court asserts that Ryanair, is simply released from its obligation of compensating under Article 7[32] thus, its obligations under Article 9[33] remains as in Eglitis and Ratnieks[34]. Therefore, since it has already been invoked in a case, it is clear that the above regulation is compatible with Article 16 and 17.[35] Under Article 9[36] duties to provide care for customers whose flight is cancelled are imposed, in their entirely on Ryanair throughout the whole course of re-routing. Thoug h, it is clear under Art9(1)(b)[37] that Ryanair must give free of charge lodging during this period. It will be compatible under the Article 16 and 17[38] since it establishes the way of conducting a business in accordance Union law and national laws   is recognised[39] and under the conditions provided law.  [40] As previously stated in IATA and ELFAA[41] Article 5 and 7[42] is not invalid due to infringement of the principle of proportionality.Therefore, it will be compatible with Article 16 and 17[43] as it is stated in a case. Since Article 9[44] entails the provision of care in its definition, Ryanair cannot claim economic problems since, it will not be disproportionate to maintain a high level of protection to the passengers.Consequently, Article 16 and 17 are compatible as it clearly elaborates what is said under in Article 9. The court established compensation under Article 5(1)(b) and 9 of the regulation in unexpected event which is considered as necessary wil l be given to the passengers.This clearly reflects the compatibility with Article16 and 17 which states that No one may be deprived except   public interest to fair compensation paid in good time[à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] loss[45] and in accordance with Union law[46]. The court already held in IATA and ELFAA[47] is not contrary to the principle of equal treatment since the mode operation is not the same as other modes of transport.Hence, under the wording it is visibly comparable Article 16.[48] Lastly, Article 16 and 17[49] of the charter is relevant to the economic rights which laid down in the EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s charter.[50] Ryanair claimed that duty of providing care to the passengers deprive airlines of part of the fruits   labour and investment[51] breach Article 16 and 17 of the charter.[52] The courts points out like in Deutches Weintor[53] that neither the freedom to conduct business, nor the right of property were absolute rights and that it need to be considered to gether with Article 52 (1)[54] of the charter. Hence, Article 169 TFEU[55] and Article 38[56] is essential for consumer protection to strike reasonable balance in favour of the consumer like in Promusicae[57] and Deutches Weintor[58] . Thus, it is compatible to the Article 16 and 17[59] which do no breach the provisions. Word Count:1200 Bibliography Primary Sources Cases: Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair [2013] CJEU Case C-544/10 Deutsches Weintor [2012] ECR Case C- 275/06 Promusicae [2008] ECR -271 Cases C-402/07 and C-432/07 Sturgeon and Others [2009] ECR I-10923 Case C-294/10 Eglitis and Ratnieks [2011] ECR Case C-344/04 IATA and ELFAA [2010] ECR EU legislation: Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights (OJ 2004 L 46, p. 1). Secondary Sources Books: Fairhurst.J, Law of the European Union (9th Edn, Pearson 2013) Blondi.A, Eeckhout.P, Ripley.S, EU LAW AFTER LISBON (Oxford 2012) Foster.N, Blackstones EU Treaties Legislation (24th Edn, Oxford 2013-2014) Chapters in Books Fairhurst.J, Sources of EU Law (including general principles of law and fundamental rights), Law of the European Union (9th Edn, Pearson 2013) pp.70 Blondi.A, Eeckhout.P, Ripley.S, The Charter of Fundamental Right by David Anderson and Cian C Murphy(Oxford 2012) pp.159 Foster.N, Charter of Fundamental Right of the European Union Blackstones EU Treaties Legislation (24th Edn, Oxford 2013-2014) pp.155 Online Journals: Geoff Meade, Ryanair loses Icelandic volcano costs legal battle (2012) 1(1-2) The independent https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/ryanair-loses-icelandic-volcano-costs-legal-battle-7581400.html# (Accessed on 22 December 2013) PA/Huffington Post UK, Ryanair Loses Legal Battle To Avoid Paying Passenger Care To Those Delayed By 2010 Volcano (2012) The Huffington Post https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/03/22/ryanair-losses-legal-battle-volcano-delayed-passengers_n_1372608.html (Accessed on 20 December 2013) Owen Bowcott, Ryanair facing payout over passengers stranded by volcanic ash cloud (2012) theguardian https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/mar/22/ryanair-payout-stranded-ash-passengers (Accessed on 27 December 2013) Websites and Blogs Dr Jeremias Prassl, Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair: Volcanic ash and super extraordinary circumstances (eutopia law, 4 February 2013) https://eutopialaw.com/2013/02/04/case-c-1211-denise-mcdonagh-v-ryanair-volcanic-ash-and-super-extraordinary-circumstances/ ( Accessed on 10 January2014) Jack Harding, ECJ clarifies the actionability of the Denied Boarding Regulations, (piBLAWG, 31 January 2013) https://www.piblawg.co.uk/post/2013/01/31/ECJ-clarifies-the-actionability-of-the-Denied-Boarding-Regulations.aspx ( Accessed on 10 January 2014) Stephanie Bodoni, Ryanair Ordered to Reimburse Travelers in Volcano Delay, (Bloomerg News, 31 January 2013) https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-31/ryanair-must-pay-traveler-costs-in-volcano-delay-court-says-1-.html (Accessed on 10 January 2014) Rosalind English, Ryanairs right under EU Charter to profit from its customers, (UK Human Rights Blog, 1 February 2013) https://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2013/02/01/ryanairs-right-under-eu-charter-to-profit-from-its-customers/ ( Accessed 12 January 2014) [1] Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair [2013]CJEU, para 12 [2] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [3] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [4] Dublin Metropolitan Distric Court [5] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E267:EN:HTML (Accessed on 16 January 2014) [6] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [7] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [8] Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair [2013]CJEU, para 17 no 3 and 5 [9] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [10] Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair [2013]CJEU para 16 [11] Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryan air [2013]CJEU, para 28 and 29 [12] Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair [2013]CJEU, para 30 [13] Cases C-402/07 and C-432/07 Sturgeon and Others [2009] ECR I-10923,para 44 [14] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [15] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [16] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [17] Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair [2013]CJEU para 17 no 3 and 5 [18] Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair [2013]CJEU para 16 [19] Case C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair( Opinion of Advocate General) Delivered on 22 March 2012, para 59 [20] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [21] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.p df (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [22] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [23] https://ec.europa.eu/justice/fundamental-rights/charter/ ( Accessed on 10 January 2014) [24] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:FULL:EN:PDF (Acessed on 10 January 2014) [25] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [26] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:FULL:EN:PDF (Acessed on 10 January 2014) [27] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0013:0045:en:PDF (Accessed on 12 January 2014) [28] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0013:0045:en:PDF (Accessed on 12 January 2014) [29] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [30] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed o n 27 December 2013) [31] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [32] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF ()Accessed on 27 December 2013) [33] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [34] Case C-294/10 Eglitis and Ratnieks [2011] ECR, para 23 and 24 [35] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [36] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [37] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [38] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [39] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [40] https://www.europarl.europ a.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [41] Case C-344/04 IATA and ELFAA [2010] ECR   para 78-92 [42] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF (Accessed on 27 December 2013) [43] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [44] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:046:0001:0007:en:PDF ( Accessed on 27 December 2013) [45] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [46] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [47] Case C-344/04 IATA and ELFAA [2010] ECR‚ para 96 [48] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [49] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on January 2014) [50] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on January 2014) [51] C ase C-12/11 Denise McDonagh v Ryanair Ltd,[2013] CJEU,para 59 [52] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014) [53] Case C-544/10 Deutsches Weintor [2012] ECR   para 54. [54] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on January 2014) [55] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008E169:en:NOT (Accessed on 15 January 2014) [56] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf ( Accessed on 10 January 2014) [57] Case C- 275/06 Promusicae [2008] ECR -271, para 65 and 66 [58] Case C-544/10 Deutsches Weintor [2012] ECR,para 47 [59] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2014

The Age Old Question Of Who Discovered America - 1421 Words

The age old question of who discovered America first has been debated over for uncountable years now. Throughout history, innumerable people have been given the credit as being the first to arrive, or discover, America over the time span of hundreds of years. A few theories of who discovered America are Leaf Erikson, Native Americans, China, and surprises Muslims. All of these people, nation, or group of religion, have been justified or thought of to have arrived, lived, or landed in America before Christopher Columbus even thought about sailing. The Native Americans were in fact living in America when the colonists came over from England. The question that remains unanswered, however, is how and when the Native Americans settled in America. The internet article, â€Å"Native Americans migrated to the New World in three waves, Harvard-led DNA analysis shows† by Carolyn Y. Johnson, talks about where and when the first three waves of Native Americans originated from before coming to North America. Work alongside archaeologist, paleoanthropologists, and linguists, geneticists have figured out just who came to America first. According Johnson, â€Å"The researchers found that at least two other Asian populations came to the Americas after the initial migration’ (Carolyn p.10). With the new help of genetics, scientists are also learning about just what type of Native Americans lived here first along with where they came from. 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Famous Speech Critique free essay sample

In brainstorming ideas about what speech I could study in detail, I turned my attention to highly influential leaders in history. One of those people is Adolf Hitler. Even the greatest ideological enemies of Hitler can agree that he was an extremely gifted and prolific speaker. In â€Å"Triumph of the Will†, one of the most important films of documentation and propaganda which was directed by Leni Riefenstahl and sponsored by Hitler himself, many of Hitler’s speeches are shown. Not only can viewers study his style of speaking, but we can also learn much about his mannerisms—and in turn, the massive support he received as a leader. I decided to hand-transcribe one of the speeches shown in â€Å"Triumph of the Will†, as few speeches were videotaped and shown elsewhere. The speech I focused on was delivered to a group of young Germans in which Hitler attempts to rile them up to want to fight and sacrifice themselves for their country. We will write a custom essay sample on Famous Speech Critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While this topic is not a very unique theme for a country’s leader to give to his people, Hitler’s speech is unique in the way he delivers and persuades a group of people. Albeit, his audience was already a receptive, willing group of young minds (easy to mold), however what Hitler was asking his people to do was quite serious. In critiquing Hitler’s speech, it is important to note the history and environment of the time: this speech occurred during the third year Hitler’s leadership and Germany was ready to emerge itself in a full-fledged world war. When listening to his speech, I realized that the words he used made his speech was quite personable and easily relatable because he referred to himself and his ideas as â€Å"we† and made the audience feel as if they played a direct part in the glorification and success of their country. He used a lot of repetition and key words such as â€Å"courage† and â€Å"peace†. Also, Hitler really made his audience feel empowered—as if the future of their country being â€Å"for the people† lay in the hands of the youth of Germany. Many of the things he preached in his speech (i. e. to â€Å"be peace-loving and courageous at the same time† and having â€Å"inner resolve†) sounds much like a father speaking to his son, encouraging him to believe in himself in order to build a stronger, unified nation. With such encouraging and empowering words, it is not surprising that he had so many supporters. In his manner of speaking, he was quite passionate and enthused about his speech. However, he remained strong and leader-like by keeping relatively still unless he was trying to accentuate his words by jerking or nodding his head and making harsh movements with his hands. An aspect I did not enjoy about his presentation, however, is that he always seemed grumpy and angry, making it difficult for me to keep a straight face while watching him give his speeches. This could have been a result of his personality as a leader, or a way for him to maintain distance from his people. This could also be the reason why he almost never used personal anecdotes or personable stories. Although the issues Hitler discussed in his speech would not be well received today, his manner of speech can often be seen in rallies or protests today. Hitler was an influential leader regardless of his detrimental and horrible ideas because of the way he presented his ideas and persuaded his people to follow him.

The Experience of War by Women

Introduction The valley of the shadow depicts two communities during the American civil war of 1860-1865 with one community northern and the other southern specifically the Franklin County in Pennsylvania and Augusta county of Virginia. The period of war had great impact on women varying from their work, social status, age, race and family.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Experience of War by Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The women had a rich social experience of the war that was represented in their diaries, letters and other war documents. They expressed themselves differently and were concerned about different issues prior to the war, during the war and after the war period. The women ranged from slave owners, the wives to the soldiers, mothers, daughters, slaves to young girls. The records of these women reveal their fears, anxiety, opinions on the war and their attitude. They also represent thei r devotions to family, their country, God and the struggle in the war. They are thus not only historical, but they provide rich information on the role of these women in the war, their reactions to the war, the climate and social conditions at the time and the place of women in society at the time. The Analysis of the Experiences of Women in the War While most of the women received letters from their loved ones especially those whose relatives were involved in the war, they also wrote letters to their loved ones, authorities, kept diaries and were depicted in the documentaries of the time (Ayers 10). The analysis of these women shall include the mothers, daughters, wives, young girls of varying races and background. The analysis evaluates their devotion to their families, God and religion, their struggles during the war, the level of their education and other social issues (Whitman and Lowenfels 12). The period of the Civil War was characterized by a separation of the families. This was with soldiers going to war leaving their families behind; children in school away from their families and the separation of relatives for other reasons. The diaries of the women show their attachment to their families and their need to keep in touch with them. Fannies in the letter to her cousins (Ayers 17) keeps in touch through informing her cousins of the weather, the cold season, among others and sends them another letter too to know of their well being. Melly Clayton writes to her aunt about how her family is doing (Ayers 27).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Carter Sue writes and laments about her separation from her family showing the deep connection she had with them. In the letter of the Houser family, Mollie writes to her cousin about her family and relates the news to her cousin. The war time diary and letters of the Smiley family are about the relatives and family wherea bouts (Ayers and Rubin 39). The women wrote the letters to their relatives and family mostly in the war and away from home to inform them of what was going on at their homes (Ayers 33). For example, in the war letter of the McGuffin family, the mother writes to her son to inform him of the life at home, his brother and to enquire of his welfare. The letters describe the love and devotion to the family. Maria Perkins who was a slave at the time wrote to her husband about the sale of her son, herself and the other children. The letters were also for the happy family moments. For example, Alansa in her diary talks of her marriage and slavery of her uncle to whom she was close. The devotion of the women to God and religion at the time was evident in their letters and diaries. This devotion came out of fear, desperation and the painful moments of the war (Ayers and Rubin 59). Anna Mellinger in her diary reveals her devotion to God through the prayer meetings, readings of the word from th e Bible, mention of prayer and the evidence of faith (Ayers 38). The diaries and letters also represent the devotion to religious meetings. Melly Clayton in her letter to her aunt informs her of a possible religious camp meeting to be held in September (Ayers 40). They also show the struggles of the women to maintain their Christian faith. For example, in her diary Wright Sarah shows her struggles to adapt to the Christian principles. The religious faith is also revealed through the attitude of optimism while some of them linked the war to God’s punishment to them. For example, Emerson Nancy in her diary perceived that the war was a result of God’s punishment to the Northern people for their sins (Ayers and Rubin 63). Others had faith that God would reunite their families after the war and grant them peace. For example, Sue Carter expresses her faith for the reunion. The letters of Armentrout Kate are based on the Christian affairs, the unity prayer meetings and other religious activities. Religion acts as a consolidation for the women. For example, Harris Anna in her letter of 1860 shows her tribulations but reveals her assurance of God’s consolation (Whitman and Lowenfels 97).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Experience of War by Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The letters represent the level of education of the women. Most of the letters had grammatical errors with the knowledge of Basic English language. The letters however represent the abilities of the women in writing and basic reading thus justifying the fact that the women had gained basic education. This level of language proficiency is however not represented in all the women since the slaves and younger children represent a lack of proficiency as compared to the slave owners and those of the white race (Whitman and Lowenfels 121). For example, the letters of Mollie Houser use language in the wrong tense, lack punctuation, have grammatical errors and appear like a direct translation. However, for the women who have gone through school such as Armentrout Kate, the letters are more grammatically correct and she makes use of more complex language as compared to the other women. The letters and diary information also revealed the knowledge of the women about the war and the contribution and attitudes towards the same (Ayers 78). They also revealed their fears, agony and the decisions they made during the time. For example, Mollier in her letter of April 5, 1864 is concerned about the welfare of the soldiers in the war and wishes that the war would end soon. Harris Anna in her letter of January 5, 1860 shows the trials and afflictions from the war since her friends were soldiers in the war. In her letter Fackler Lizzie shows her whereabouts of the war evident from the fear she has of the invasion of Yankee in Staunton. The diary of Mellinger Anna shows the period of the war and ho w she escaped with her family. The letters and diaries of the women did not fail to touch on women issues such as the gossip and the whereabouts of others as well as the concept of relationships and weddings. For example, Mollier talks of her wedding and the fact that she wants to engage in a relationship. Alansa talks of her life and her marriage while all the letters are descriptive showing the detailed messages and the description with the expression of themselves. The letters reveal the fears of the women and their desire for peace and stability with unity in their families and the end of the war (Ayers and Rubin 71). The letters also revealed the historical times and the developments at the time while those written after the war by the women provided family history and the whereabouts of relatives (Ayers and Rubin 77). This shows that the women did not experience death during the war in large numbers but lost their relatives, family and friends and their concern reveals their l ove for their families.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, Martha in her letter of 1867 informs her nephew about the family history as well as the other families and relatives that he knew. The letters also represent schooling and education with the evidence of young girls writing about school and the events following the same. For example, Clayton writes about her school experience to her aunt, while Alaska talks of her schooling. The issues of racism are exposed by the information and the perceptions of the writers towards the same (Whitman and Lowenfels 234). The period after the war is rife with information about the deaths and whereabouts of the families with the women sharing the same to their relatives. For example, the diary of Emerson Nancy reveals the deaths of the people she knew and the expression of frustration, loss and bitterness (Ayers and Rubin 98). Summary The experiences of the women provide a rich history of the Civil War through the issues they went through and witnessed. They experienced the Civil War diff erently depending on their race, age or status. However, the nature of women is similar in the aspects of their attitudes towards religion, love and devotion to their families, struggles and the desire for peace in the country, the frustrations and losses experienced in the war and their attitudes towards the war. The analysis of the women opens the opportunity for understanding the modern times with the perceptions of society towards the role of women. Works Cited Ayers, Edward. The Valley of the Shadow, 2010. Web. http://valley.lib.virginia.edu/. Ayers, Edward, and Anne Rubin. The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War – The Eve of War. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2000. Whitman, Walt, and Walter Lowenfels. Civil War. Boston: Knopf Publications, 1961. This essay on The Experience of War by Women was written and submitted by user Hussar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.